One of many greatest selections corporations have to make is whether or not they need to construct in a closed, proprietary ecosystem or an open one. Whereas that is typically considered an issue for digital corporations, it applies to electrical automotive makers, espresso makers, and extra. When deciding, corporations ought to observe 4 ideas: 1) embrace the concept open vs. closed is a spectrum, not a binary, 2) steadiness advantages and prices by way of centralized governance, 3) pursue strategic differentiation by way of completely different ranges of openness, and 4) assist educate regulators on the tradeoffs.